Miniature Dollhouses

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Woman Dollhouse Art
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Marc Chagall

Children and education

Home life

Marc Chagall, born Movsha Shagal was born in the city of Vitebsk (Belarus, then Russian Empire) in 1887. At the time of his birth, the population was about 66 000 Vitebsk, with half of the population being Jewish. A picturesque city churches and synagogues, was called "Russian Toledo," after the ancient cultural center of the Spanish empire. As the city was built mostly of wood, little is survived by three years of Nazi occupation and destruction during the Second World War.

Chagall was the eldest of nine children of a Jewish family Khatskl led by his father (Zakhar) Shagal, employed by a herring merchant and his mother, Feige-Ite, who sold groceries in her house. His father worked hard, carrying barrels heavy, but earning only 20 rubles a month. Later Chagall Fish reasons include "respect for his father," writes biographer of Chagall, Jacob Baal-Teshuva. Chagall wrote about these early years:

Day after day, winter and summer, at six in the morning, my father got up and went to the synagogue. He said his daily prayer of a dead man or otherwise. Upon his return, he prepared the samovar and drank some tea and went to work. infernal work, the work of a galley slave. Why try to hide it? How to tell? No word once provided much of my father. . . There was always plenty of butter and cheese on our table. bread and butter, as an eternal symbol of my hands was never a child.

During previous decades, the Jewish population the city survived numerous attacks organized by the government (pogroms), prejudice, segregation and discrimination. As a result, they created their own schools, synagogues, hospitals, a cemetery, and other community institutions. One of its main sources of income was making clothes that are sold throughout Russia. Also made several furniture and farm tools. Art historian and curator Susan Tumarkin Goodman writes that for religious and economic reasons in late 1700 of the First World War, Russia simply Jews who live within the Pale of Settlement, which included parts of modern Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic States. This caused natural creation of the Jewish villages in the market (shtetls) in Eastern Europe today, with their own markets, culture and religious practice.: 14

More than Chagall is known about the early years of life has left his autobiograhy, My Life. It describes the major influence that the culture of Hasidic Judaism had in his life as an artist. Vitebsk itself had been a center of culture that dates from the 1730s with its lessons of the Kabbalah. Goodman describes the links and sources of his art to his home early:

Chagall art can be understood as a response to a situation that has long marked the history of Jews in Russia. Although they were cultural innovators who have made significant contributions to society in general, Jews were considered outsiders in an often hostile society. . . . Chagall himself was born from a family steeped in religious life, his parents were observant Hasidic Jews who found spiritual fulfillment in a life defined by his faith and organized by prayer.: 14

Art education

In Russia, at that time the Jewish children were not allowed to attend schools or universities in Russia because policies of discrimination. Their movement within the city was also restricted. Chagall therefore received his primary education in the Jewish religious school local, where he studied Hebrew and the Bible. At the age of 13 his mother tried to enroll in a Russian school and recalled: "But in that school, do not take Jews. Without a moment's hesitation, my brave mother about a teacher. "She offered the director of 50 rubles to accompany him, which he accepted.

Chagall Portrait of Yehuda (Yuri) Pen, his first art teacher in Vitebsk

A turning point in his artistic life was when she first noticed a fellow Drawing Study. Baal Teshuva, "writes that the young Chagall, seeing someone call" was like a vision, a revelation in black and white. " Chagall said later that there was no art of any kind at home with his family and the concept was totally alien to him. Chagall When asked how he learned at school to draw, his friend replied: "Go get a book in the library, you idiot, choose any photo you like, and copy it." He soon began to copy images books and found the experience so rewarding that she decided she wanted to be an artist.

Finally his mother confided, "I want to be a painter" although she could not understand the sudden interest in art or why choose a vocation that "seemed so impractical," writes Goodman. The young Chagall said: "There is a place in town, if I am admitted and if they complete the course, I'll leave a regular artist. I would be so happy!" It was 1906, and had The study noted Yehuda (Yuri) Pen, a realist artist who also ran a small art school in Vitebsk, which included future stars such as El Lissitzky and Ossip Zadkine. Because of Chagall's youth and lack of income, the pen is offered to teach for free. However, after a few months in school, Chagall realized that the academic portrait painting did not conform to their wishes.

artistic inspiration

Goodman notes that during this period in Russia, Jews were two basic alternatives for entering the world of art: The first, "conceal or deny their own Jewish roots," to stay away from any public expression of Jewishness in order to avoid the endemic discrimination in Russian society. The other alternative that Chagall was elected "to appreciate and express publicly own Jewish roots "by integrating them into his art. For Chagall, this was also his means of" self-affirmation and a expression of principle. ": 14

Chagall biographer Franz Meyer, explains that with the connections between his art and early life "Chassidic spirit remains the basis and source of food for their art. "Lewis adds:" As a cosmopolitan artist and later became his store images visual never expand beyond the landscape of his childhood, with its snow-covered streets, wooden houses and violinists everywhere. . . . [With scenes] of childhood indelibly on the mind and to invest emotionally charged so intense that it could only be discharged obliquely through the obsessive repetition of the same cryptic symbols and ideograms. . . "

Years later, at the age of 57 years while living in the United States confirmed that when Chagall published an open letter titled, "My city of Vitebsk"

Why? Why leave me many years ago? . . . You thought, the boy looks for something, look for a special subtlety, that color descending like stars in the sky and landing, bright and transparent, like snow on our roofs. Where I get it? How did a guy like him? I do not know why I could not find us in the cityn their homeland. Perhaps the child is "crazy" but "crazy" for the sake of art. . . You thought: "I can see, I'm engraved in the heart of the boy, but he is still" flying " which is still trying to take off, which is "wind" in his head…. I do not live with you, but I did not have a single picture that breathed my spirit and thought.: 91

Art Career

Russia (19061910)

In 1906, he moved to St. Petersburg was then the capital Russia and the center of the artistic life of the country with its famous art schools. Since Jews were not allowed into the city without an internal passport, he managed to obtain an interim document of a friend. He enrolled in a prestigious art school and studied there for two years. In 1907 he began to paint self-portraits naturalist landscapes.

During 1908-1910, Chagall studied under Lon Bakst Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting. While in St. Petersburg found experimental theater the work of artists like Paul Gauguin. Bakst, also Jewish, was a designer of decorative art and became famous as a designer draftsman of the sets and costumes for the Ballets Russes ", and helped Chagall, acting as a role model for Jewish success. Bakst moved to Paris a year later. The art historian Raymond Cogniat writes that after living and studying art on their own for four years, "Chagall entered the mainstream of contemporary art …. Their learning Moreover, Russia has played a memorable role early in his life.: 30

Chagall remained in St. Petersburg until 1910, often visiting Vitebsk, where he met and fell in love with Bella Rosenfeld. In my life Chagall described his first meeting her: "Your silence is mine, mine eyes. It is as if he knew everything about my childhood, my present, my future, as if she can see through me. "22

France (19101914)

In 1910 Chagall went to Paris to develop their own artistic style. Art historian and curator James Sweeney said that when he first arrived in Paris, Chagall, cubism was the dominant form art and French art is still dominated by the prospect "materialistic 19th century." But Chagall was in Russia with "a gift from mature color, a response fresh anashamed feeling, a feeling of simple poetry and a sense of humor, "he adds. These notions were foreign to Paris at the time, and as a result its first recognition came not from other painters, but poets like Blaise Cendrars and Guillaume Apollinaire.: 7 The art historian Jean Leymarie notes that Chagall began to think art as "internal emerging outwards from the object viewed mental effusion, which was the reverse of how to create Cubist.

"Fiddler" (1912)

Therefore, developed friendships with Guillaume Apollinaire and other avant-garde luminaries as Robert Delaunay and Fernand lger. Baal Teshuvah, "writes that" the dream of Chagall Paris, the city of light and, above all, freedom, had come true. "33 His early days were a difficulty for the age of 23, Chagall, who was alone in the big city and could not speak French. Some days he feels "like fleeing back to Russia, as he dreamed of while painting on the richness of Russian folklore, Hasidic experiences, his family, especially Bella.

In Paris, he enrolled La Palette, an art academy where painters André Dunoyer de Segonzac and Henri Le Fauconnier taught, and also found work in other school. He spent his free time visiting galleries and salons, including the Louvre, where he studied the works of Rembrandt, the brothers Le Nain, Chardin, Van Gogh, Renoir, Pissarro, Matisse, Gauguin, Courbet, Millet, Manet, Monet, Delacroix, among others. It was in Paris he learned the technique of gouache, which he used to paint scenes of Russia. He also visited Montmartre and the Latin Quarter, "and was happy just to breathe the air of Paris." Baal Teshuva, describes this new step for Chagall's artistic development:

Chagall was exhilarated, intoxicated, as he walked the streets and on the banks of the Seine. All about the French capital trhe excited him: stores, the smell of fresh bread in the morning, markets with fresh fruits and vegetables, the Grands Boulevards, the cafes and restaurants, and especially the Eiffel Tower.

Other whole new world that opened for him was a kaleidoscope of colors and shapes in the works of French artists. Chagall enthusiastically reviewed many different trends, have to rethink its position as an artist and decide what he wanted to keep creative juices.: 33

During his stay in Paris, Chagall was constantly reminded his home in Russia, as Paris was also home to many Russian painters, writers, poets, composers, dancers and others migrate. However, "night after painted night till dawn, only then going to bed for a few hours, and resisted the many temptations of the big city at night.: 44 "My homeland exists only in my soul, "he once said.: viii continued painting Jewish motifs and subjects of his memories of Vitebsk, although it includes scenes Parisian tower Eiffel, in particular, as well as portraits. Many of his works were updated versions of the paintings he had done in Russia, Cubist and Fauve adapted to keys.

Chagall developed a whole repertoire of reasons peculiar: the ghostly figure floating in the sky. . . violinist dancing giant Miniature Doll houses, livestock, transparent bellies and, within them, small children to sleep upside down. Most of his scenes of life in Vitebsk were painted while living in Paris and "In a sense, were the dreams," said Lewis. His "tone of longing and loss," with a separate case and abstract appearance, Apollinaire to be "surprised by this quality," calling them "Surnaturel!" His "animal / human hybrids and ghosts in the air" more later became a formative influence on surrealism. Chagall, however, did not want his work is associated with any school or movement and considered its own language personal symbols that have meaning for himself. But Sweeney noted that others often still associate his work with the "illogical and fantastic painting" especially when it uses "curious juxtapositions of representation.: 10

Sweeney said: "This is the Chagall contribution to contemporary art: the awakening of a poetry of representation, avoiding the facts illustration, on the one hand, and non-figurative abstractions, on the other. "André Breton said "With him alone, metaphor made its triumphant return to modern painting." 7

Russia (19141922)

Because he missed no be with his fiancee, Bella, who was still in Vitebsk ", he thought of it day and night," writes Baal Teshuva, "and was afraid of losing. As therefore decided to accept an invitation from a noted art dealer in Berlin to showcase their work, their intention is to continue in Russia, married to Bella, and then return with her to Paris. Chagall had 40 paintings and 160 gouaches, watercolors and drawings to be exhibited. The exhibition, held in the gallery was a Sturm Walden Herwarth great success, "German Critics positively sang his praises."

Popular Art School in Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art is

After exposure, continued to Vitebsk, where he planned to stay only long enough to marry Bella. However, after a few weeks World War, the closure of the border with Russia for an indefinite period. A year later he married Bella Rosenfeld and had their first child, Ida. Before marriage, Chagall had difficulty convincing parents of Bella that he would be a suitable husband for her daughter. They were worried about her marriage to a painter from a poor family and wondered how I would keep it. Becoming a successful artist, now became a goal and inspiration. Therefore, despite the war under way, the spirits of Chagall remains high, especially due to his marriage. According to Lewis, "[T] he paints of this euphoric time that show the couple Young balloon floating over Vitebskts wooden buildings in the Delaunay facets mannerre the happiest of his career. "Their wedding photos were also a topic again in recent years to think about this period of his life.: 75

The October Revolution of 1917 was a dangerous moment for Chagall but also opportunities. By then, he was one of the most distinguished artists of the Soviet Union and member of the modernist avant-garde, who enjoyed special privileges and prestige as the "arm aesthetic revolution." He was offered a prominent position as curator of visual arts for the country but were inclined something with a lower profile, and instead took over as commissioner of the Vitebsk art. This resulted in his founding of the university of the arts Vitebsk, add Lewis, became "the most distinguished school of art in the Soviet Union."

Obtained by its faculty some of the most country's major artists such as El Lissitzky and Kazimir Malevich. He also added his first teacher, Yehuda Pen. Chagall tried to create an atmosphere of collective or independenly mind artists, each with its unique style. However, this could soon become difficult, as some of the key faculty members preferred an art Suprematist squares and circles, and looked down in attempt to Chagall in the creation of "bourgeois individualism" in his teachings. Chagall resigned after the office of Commissioner and moved to Moscow.

Bella with white collar, 1917

In 1915 Chagall began to exhibit his work in Moscow, first exhibiting their works in a well-known salon in 1916 and displaying images of St. Petersburg. He again displayed his art in an exhibition in Moscow avant-garde artists. This continuous exposure due to spread his name and a number of wealthy collectors began buying his art. He also began to illustrate a number of books in Yiddish with ink drawings. Chagall had completed 30 years and had begun to make a name for himself.: 77

In Moscow he was offered a job as designer scenarios for the newly formed Jewish State Chamber Theater. It was created to open in early 1921 with a series of works of Sholem Aleichem. In its opening, created a series of background murals large using the techniques learned from Bakst, his early masterpiece. One of the main wall was 9 feet high and 24 feet long and includes animated images of various subjects such as dancers, musicians, acrobats and livestock. A critic at the time called it "Jewish jazz in painting." Chagall created it as a "store of symbols and devices," says Lewis. The murals "a milestone" in the history of theater, and were the precursors of his later large-scale works, including murals for the New York Metropolitan Opera and the Opera of Paris.: 87

Life quickly became in a difficulty for the Russians and the spread starvation after the war ended in 1918. The Chagall found it necessary to move to a smaller, less expensive, town near Moscow, though they now had to travel to Moscow on using crowded trains. In Moscow he found a job teaching art war orphans. After spending the years between 1921 and 1922 living in primitive conditions, he returned to France so that his art could grow in an atmosphere of greater freedom. Many other artists, writers and musicians also plan to move to the West. He requested an exit visa and while waiting for approval uncertain, wrote his autobiography, My Life.: 121

France (19231941)

In 1923 Chagall left Moscow to return to France. On his way stopped in Berlin to regain the many pictures she had left there ten years earlier show, before the war began, but was unable to find or recover any of them. However, after returning to Paris again, "rediscovered the free expansion and compliance which were so essential to him," Lewis writes. With all his early works are lost, began trying to paint her memories of her early years in Vitebsk drawings and oil paintings.

He formed a business relationship with the French art dealer Ambroise Vollard. This inspired him to begin creating etchings for a series of illustrated books, like souls Gogol's Dead, the Bible, and the Fables of La Fontaine. These pictures finally come to better represent their efforts recorded. In 1926 he had his first exhibition in the Reinhardt United Gallery in New York that included about 100 works, but not travel to the opening. He stayed in France, "painting without ceasing", says the Baal Teshuva. It was not until 1927 that Chagall made his name in the French art world, art critic and historian Maurice Raynal granted a place in his book Modern French Painters. However, Raynal was still at a loss to accurately describe his readers Chagall:

Chagall questions to life in the light of a refined, anxiety sensitivity, as a child, a little romantic temperament. . . a mixture of sadness and joy characteristic of a vision depth of life. His imagination, his temperament, no doubt that an American ban gravity of the composition.: 314

During this period, he traveled France and fell in love with Côte d'Azur, where he enjoyed the scenery, vegetation colors, the blue Mediterranean, and the mild weather. He made repeated travel to rural areas, always keeping her sketchbook. His wife Bella had a special role in your life. Wullschlager notes that "she was the living connection allowed Russia to evolve as an artist in exile, unlike most artistic emigrs Russia, whose work, once they left their country dry. " 9 also visited neighboring countries and later wrote about the impressions that some of those trips to the left in him:

I would remind advantageous as my travels outside of France have been to me in an artistic Sensen Netherlands or Spain, Italy, Egypt, Palestine, or just in the south of France. There in the south, for the first time in my life, I saw that the rich and the verdure of which I had never seen in my own country. In Holland I just discovered that family and light beats, as the gap between the end of the afternoon and evening. In Italy I found that peace of museums sunlight brought to life. In Spain I was happy to find inspiration a mystic, if sometimes cruel, beyond, to find the song of the sky and its people. And in East Palestine [] I've found unexpectedly the Bible and a part of my being.: 77

The illustrations of the Bible

"The prophet Jeremiah" (1968)

After returning to Paris from one of his trips, Vollard commissioned him to illustrate the version of the Old Testament of the Bible. Although it could have completed the project in France, took assignment as an excuse to travel to Palestine to experience for himself the Holy Land. He arrived there in February 1931 and ended up staying two months. Chagall felt at home in Palestine, where many spoke Yiddish and Russian. According to Baal-Teshuva, "was impressed by the pioneering spirit of the people in the kibbutz and deeply moved by the Wailing Wall and other holy places. "133

Chagall later told a Palestinian friend who gave "the impression had received more alive than ever. "Wullschlager notes, however, that while Delacroix and Matisse had found inspiration in the exoticism of Africa North, as a Jew in Palestine was different perspective. "What was really finding there was no external stimulus, but an internal authorization the land of their ancestors, to plunge into his work in illustrations of the Bible. "Chagall said 343" in the East found the Bible and part of my self. "

As a result, he immersed himself in "the history of the Jews, the trials, the prophecies, and disasters," said Wullschlager. She adds that having the assignment was an "extraordinary risk" of Chagall, as he did at last his name in the world of art as a contemporary painter leader, but far away from modernist themes and deepen "the distant past.": 350 Between 1931 and 1934 worked "obsessive" in "The Bible" but goes to Amsterdam to study carefully the biblical paintings Rembrandt and El Greco, to see the extremes in religious painting. He walked the streets of the Jewish quarter of the city to return to feel the atmosphere before. He told Franz Meyer:

I did not see the Bible, I dreamed. From early childhood, I was captivated by the Bible. It has always seemed to me and still seems now the largest source of poetry of all time.: 350

Chagall was the Old Testament as a "history human … not with the creation of the cosmos, but with the creation of man, and his figures of angels are rhymed or in combination with humans, "writes Wullschlager. She notes that one of the first images of the Bible, "Abraham and the three angels," the angels sit and chat over a glass of wine "as if you just fell for dinner. ": 350

He returned to France and the following year he completed 32 of a total of 105 plates. In 1939, the outbreak of the Second World War was over 66 years, however Vollard died that same year. When the series was completed in 1956, was published by Edition Triade. Baal Teshuvah, "writes that" the artwork was impressive and met with great success. " Chagall once again had proven to be one of the artists important 20th-century graphics. "135 Leymarie has described these drawings by Chagall as" monumental ":

. . . rapture, to return to the fate of legend and epic history of Israel to Genesis to the prophets, through the patriarchs and heroes. Each image becomes one with the event, informing the text with a solemn intimacy unknown since Rembrandt.: ix

Nazi campaigns against modern art

Not long after starting work in the Bible, Adolf Hitler came to power in Berlin. anti-Semitic laws were being introduced and the first concentration camp at Dachau had been opened. Described Wullschlager the first effects on the world of art:

The Nazis had begun their campaign against modernist art as soon as they took power. Expressionists, Cubists, artnything intellectual abstract and surreal, Jews, foreigners, inspired by socialism, or difficult to understanded goal, from Picasso and Matisse that goes back to Czanne and Van Gogh, in its place a traditional German realism, accessible and open to interpretation patriotic, was exalted.: 374

Since 1937 around twenty thousand works from German museums were confiscated as "degenerate" by a committee headed by Joseph Goebbels. "375 While the German press had a time "Jews collapsed on him," the new German leadership now mocked Chagall art, describing them as "green, purple and shooting red earth, playing on violins, flying through the air. . . representing [an assault] in Western civilization .".": 376

After Germany invaded and occupied France, Chagall remained naively Vichy France, unaware that French Jews, with the help of the Vichy government, the being collected and sent to German concentration camps, from which most never return. The collaborationist Vichy government, led by Marshal Philippe Ptain, immediately after taking office established a committee to "redefine the French citizenship, with the aim of stripping" undesirable " including naturalized citizens of French nationality. Chagall had been so involved in his art, that it was not until October 1940, after the government Vichy, at the behest of the occupying Nazi forces, began to pass anti-Semitic laws, which began to understand the meaning of what was happening around him. Hearing that Jews were removed from public office and academics, Chagall finally "awoke to the danger they face." But Wullschlager notes that " then they were trapped. "382 His only refuge could be America, but" they could not afford the fare to New York "or the large volume of bonds each immigrant had to provide input to ensure it does not become a financial burden for the country.

Escaping occupied France

Under Wullschlager, "[T] he speed with which France fell stunned everyone: the French army, with British support, even capitulated faster than Poland had made "a year earlier, despite the fact that Poland had been attacked by Germany and Russia." The shock waves across the Atlantic … as Paris had previously been equated with civilization worldwide non-Nazi. "388 However, the determination of Chagall in France" blinded the urgency of the situation. "389 Nor were they alone in their slow reaction to the Holocaust that is, to be aided by the cooperation of France, like many other artists Russians and Jews tried to escape finally known: they include Chaim Soutine, Max Ernst, Max Beckmann, Ludwig Fulda, award-winning writer Victor Serge author Vladimir Nabokov, although not himself a Jew, took an interest "passionate" of Jews and Israel.: 1181 Russian author Victor Serge described many of the people temporarily living in Marseilles who were looking to migrate to the United States:

Here is a dead beggar collection of the remains of revolutions, democracies and crushed intellects …. Within our ranks there are enough doctors, psychologists, engineers, educators, poets, painters, writers, musicians, economists and a large public to vitalize the whole country.: 392

After playing for his daughter Ida, who "felt the need to act fast": 388 and the help of Alfred Barr of the New York Museum of Modern Art, Chagall was saved by having his name on the list of outstanding artists whose lives were in danger, U.S. must try to free. He left France in May 1941, when it was almost too late, "added Lewis. Picasso and Matisse among artists invited to come United States but decided to stay in France. And Bella Chagall arrived in New York on June 23, 1941, which was the day after the German invasion of Russia.: 150

America (19411948)

Even before coming to America in 1941, Chagall was awarded the Carnegie Prize in 1939. After being discovered in the United States that was already "international size" writes Cogniat. He was ill-suited to this new role in a foreign country, however, one whose language still could not speak. It became a public figure mostly against their will, feeling lost in the strange environment.: 57

What aggravates their discomfort in the United States was his knowing that he left France under Nazi occupation and the fate of millions of other Jews in danger. After a time he began to settle New York, which was full of writers, painters and composers who, like him, had fled Europe during the Nazi invasion. He spent time visiting galleries and museums and made friends with other painters such as Piet Mondrian and André Breton.: 155

Baal Teshuva, Chagall writes that "beloved" go to sections of New York, where Jews lived, especially the Lower East Side. He felt at home, enjoying food and Jew be able to read the press in Yiddish, which became their main source of information and still not speak English.

Contemporary artists still did not understand or even like the art of Chagall. According to Baal-Teshuva, "had little in common with a folk storyteller Russian-Jewish extraction with a propensity for mysticism. "The School of Paris, which was called" Paris Surrealism, "were not very meaningful to them.: 155 These attitudes are beginning to change, however, when Pierre Matisse, son of renowned French artist Henri Matisse, became her manager and Chagall exhibitions in New York and Chicago in 1941. A of the first exhibition includes 21 masterpieces from 1910 to 1941. The art critic Henry McBride wrote about this exhibition for the New York Sun:

Chagall is almost as gypsy as they come … these pictures do more for its reputation for everything we've seen before …. Its colors glow with the poetry … his work is truly Russian as a Volga boatman song ….

Ballet Aleko (1942)

He was offered a commission by choreographer Leonid Massine, the New York Ballet Theatre design the sets and costumes for his new ballet, Aleko. This ballet would make the words of Pushkin's verse narrative Gypsies to the music of Rachmaninoff. While Chagall had done before, while staging in Russia, this was his first ballet, and give him the opportunity to visit Mexico / While there quickly began to appreciate the ways "primitive and colorful Mexican art," notes Cogniat. He found "very closely related to their own nature "and that all the details of color for the series while there. Eventually, four scenarios were created and had great Mexican seamstresses sewing ballet costumes.

When the ballet was premiered on September 8, 1942 was considered a "remarkable success." In the audience were other famous mural painters came to see the work of Chagall, including Diego Rivera and Jose Orozco. According to Baal-Teshuva, when the final bar of the music ended, "there was no applause tumultuous and 19 curtain calls, with Chagall himself to be called back on stage again and again. "Ballet in New York also opened four weeks later at the Metropolitan Opera and the response is repeated, "Chagall was again the hero of the night." 158 The art critic Edwin Denby wrote about opening for the New York Herald Tribune that the work of Chagall:

has become an exhibition of paintings dramatized giants …. Chagall was beyond anything on the scale has easel, and is an awesome experience, of a somewhat expected in the theater.

Coming to deal with the Second World War

After Chagall returned to New York in 1943, however, current events began to take more importance to him, and this was reflected in his art, he painted subjects such as Crucifixion and scenes of war. He heard that the Germans had destroyed the city where he grew up, Vitebsk, and became very depressed.: 159 He heard of the concentration camps and learned more about the occupation of France. In 1944, months before the Allies sought to liberate France, which had to face reality and importance of the war in Europe and its Jewish population. During a speech in February 1944, described some of his feelings:

Meanwhile, the jokes enemy, saying we are a "Nation stupid." I thought that when he began the slaughter of the Jews, all of us in our pain suddenly raise more prophetic cry, and be accompanied by the Christian humanists. But, after two thousand years of "Christianity" in which likeut worlday, with few exceptions, his heart is quiet …. I see the artists in the Christian nations stillho feel heard? They do not care for themselves, and our Jewish life does not concern them.: 89

In the same speech he credited his homeland of Russia to the realization of more to save the Jews:

The Jews will always be grateful to him. What other great nation has saved a million and half of the hands of Jews from Hitler, and shared his last piece of bread? What country abolished the anti-Semitism? What other country devoted at least a piece of land as an autonomous region for the Jews who want to live there? All this and much more, weighs heavily in the scales of history.: 89

In 1944, another tragedy hit him when his wife died suddenly due to infection virus, which was not treated due to wartime shortages of medicine. As a result, all work stopped for many months, and when he did resume painting the early paintings were concerned with preserving the memory of Bella. Wullschlager writes about the effect of Chagall: "As news came through the Holocaust, 1945 ongoing in the Nazi concentration camps, Bella took his place in the minds of Chagall with the millions of Jewish victims. "considered possibly even his "exile in Europe had undermined the will to live." 419 After a year of living alone, entered into a relationship with Virginia Haggard, who was his mistress keys, and their relationship lasted seven years. Although never married, had a son together, David, in 1946, but kept their romance secret from most of his friends.

A few months after France, with the help of the allied armies, succeeded in liberating the Nazi occupation of Paris, Chagall published a letter in a weekly Paris, the artists of Paris ":

In recent years I have felt sad that I could not be with you, my friends. I forced my enemy take the path of exile. In this tragic way, I lost my wife, my life partner, the woman who was my inspiration. I tell my friends in France who joins me in this compliment, he loved to France and French art so faithfully. Her last joy was the liberation of Paris …. Now, as Paris is liberated, when the art of France is risen, the world will do so once and for all, freedom from satanic enemies who wanted to destroy not only the body but Soulhead also the soul, without which no life, no artistic creativity.: 101

Postwar years

In 1946 his work was becoming more widely recognized. The Museum of Modern Art in New York organized a major exhibition in 40 years of work that gave the visitors an early complete impressions of nature changing his art over the years. The war had ended and then began making plans to return to Paris. According Cogniat, "He was already more deeply attached than before, not only the atmosphere of Paris, but the city itself, to their homes and their views. "Summed up his final Chagall years living in the U.S.:

I lived here in the U.S. during the inhuman war in which humanity itself deserted …. I have seen the pace of life. I've seen fight with the allies of America … wealth has been distributed to get aid to people who had to suffer the consequences of war …. I like America and Americans … people are not frank. It is a young country with the strengths and weaknesses of youth. It is a pleasure to love people like that …. Above all I am impressed by the grandeur in this country and the freedom it gives.: 170

He returned for good in the fall of 1947, where he attended the opening of the exhibition of their works National Museum of Modern Art.

France (19481985)

With Neill Haggard Virginia Martinez

After returning to France, he traveled through Europe and chose to live on the Côte d'Azur, which by then had become something of an "art center." Matisse lived above Nice, while Picasso lived in Vallauris. Despite living near, and sometimes worked together, there was an artistic rivalry between them as his work was so clearly different, and never became friends over time. According to Picasso's mistress, Francoise Gilot, Picasso still had a great respect for Chagall, and a He once said:

"When Matisse dies, Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what color is …. His paintings are actually painted, not only pulled together. Some of the last things he has done in Vence convince me that there has never been anyone since Renoir has the feeling of light Chagall they have. "

Virginia In 1952 he and Haggard had ended their relationship. His daughter married the art historian Ida Franz Meyer in January 1952, and the feeling that his father lost the company of a woman in her home, introduced him Valentina (Vava) Brodsky, a woman of a similar Russian-Jewish background, who had run a successful business in London. They took to each other after she became his secretary, were married in July 1952.: 183

In the coming years, with a new wife, was able to produce not only paintings and graphic art, but also numerous sculptures and ceramics, including wall paintings, painted vases, plates and jars. He also began work on a larger scale formats, the production of large murals, Stained Glass windows, mosaics and tapestries.

Ceiling Paris Opera (1963)

In 1963, Chagall was commissioned to paint the new ceiling for the Paris Opera, a majestic 19th century building and national monument. André Malraux, French Minister of Culture decided I wanted something unique and would be the ideal artist Chagall. However, this choice of the artist took the controversy: some were opposed to having a Russian Jew decorate a French national monument, while others took exception to the roof of the historic building being painted by a modern artist. Some magazines wrote articles about Chagall condescending and Malraux, on which Chagall told a writer:

They really had done for me …. It's amazing how French foreign resentment. You live here most of his life. You become a naturalized French citizen … work for nothing decorating their cathedrals, and still despise you. You are not one of them.: 196

However, Chagall remained in the draft that had the 77-year-old Chagall a year to complete. The final canvas was nearly 2,400 square feet (220 square feet) and required 440 pounds of paint. It had five sections were glued to polyester panels and the ceiling raised to 70 feet. Chagall painted images on canvas paid tribute to the composers Mozart, Wagner, Mussorgsky, Ravel and Berlioz as well as famous actors and dancers.: 199

It was presented to the public on September 23, 1964 in the presence of Malraux and 2,100 guests. The Paris correspondent for the New York Times wrote, "For once the best seats were in the top circle:: 199 Baal Teshuva" writes:

To begin with, the great chandelier glass that hangs from the center of the roof was off … all the dancers hit the stage, after which, in honor of Chagall, the opera orchestra played the end of the symphony "Jupiter" by Mozart, Chagall's favorite composer. During the closing stages of music, the candlestick lit, with the paint Artist ceiling to life in all its glory, drawing enthusiastic applause from the audience.: 199

After the new ceiling was given know ", even the most bitter opponents of the commission seemed to fall silent," writes Baal Teshuva. "Unanimously, told reporters Chagall's new job to be a great contribution to French culture. "Chagall did not disappoint the trust that Malraux had put on him, later saying Malraux: "What other living artist could have painted the ceiling of the Paris Opera in the way Chagall did ?…. He is above all one of the great colorists of our time … many of his paintings and ceiling Opera sublime represent images which are among the best poetry of our time, such as Titian produced the best poetry of his time. "199 In the language of the audience Chagall explained the meaning of the work:

Up in my painting I wanted to reflect, like a mirror in a bouquet flowers, dreams and creations of the singers and musicians, to mark the movement of the hearing dressed in colorfully then and to honor the grand opera and composers of ballet …. Now I offer this work as a gift of gratitude to France and her school in Paris, without which there would be no color and no freedom.: 151

Art styles and techniques

Color

According to Cogniat, throughout Chagall's work during all stages of life, was his color that attracted and captured the viewer's attention. In its first years of its range was limited by its emphasis on form and his pictures never gave the impression of painted designs. He adds: "The life colors are an integral part of the picture and never passive flat or banal as an afterthought. They sculpt and animate the volume of forms … are given to flights fantasy and invention that add new perspectives and graduated, mixed colors …. His colors do not even attempt to imitate nature, but rather to suggest movement, Planning and rhythms. "

He was able to convey great shots with just two or three colors. Cogniat writes: "Chagall is unmatched in this capacity to give a vivid impression of explosive movement with the simple use of colors …." Throughout his life colors created a "vibrant atmosphere" that was based on "his own personal vision.: 60

Case

Memories of life to fantasy

early life Chagall left him with a "powerful visual pictorial memory and intelligence," Goodman writes. After living in France and experience the atmosphere of freedom art, his "vision soared and created a new reality, which attracted a world both in its interior and exterior." But it was the images and memories of his early years in Russia to support their art for over seventy years.: 13

Under Cogniat, there are certain elements in his art that have remained standing and seen throughout his career. One of them was his choice of subjects and the way they were presented. "The most obvious one constant element is his gift for happiness and compassion instinctive that even in the most serious issues prevent him from dramatizing ….": 89 musicians have been a constant throughout all stages of his work. After the married, "the lovers have sought each other, hugged, caressed, hung in the air, gathered wreaths of flowers, stretched, and rushed as the melodious passage of his vivid daydreams. Acrobats twitch with the grace of exotic flowers at the end of their stems, flowers and foliage abound everywhere. "Wullschlager explains the sources of these images:

For him, clowns and acrobats figures always appeared in religious paintings …. The evolution of the works circus … reflects a gradual opacity of their world view, and circus performers now gave way to a prophet or a sage in his figure work which poured out his anxiety Chagall and Europe in the dark, and could no longer rely on the Lumire-Libert France for inspiration.: 337

Chagall described his love for the circus of people:

Why am I so moved by her makeup and facial expressions? With them I can move to new horizons …. Chaplin in the film seeks to do what I'm trying to do in my paintings. He is perhaps the only artist today could get along with without having to say a word.: 337

His early paintings were often of the city where he was born and raised, Vitebsk. Cogniat notes that are realistic and give the impression of first-hand experience to capture a moment in time with the action, often with a dramatic image. In his later years, for example in the series "bible", subjects were placed on a higher plane. He managed to mix the real with the fantastic, and combined with his use of color images were always at least acceptable, if not powerful. He never tried to present reality pure, but always creating atmospheres through their imagination.: 91 In all cases of Chagall "The most persistent subject is life itself, in its simplicity or hidden complexity …. We present our study sites, people and objects in their own lives.

Jewish themes

"Song of David" (1952)

After absorbing the techniques of Fauvism and Cubism, was able to merge with his own style folkies. He gave the grim life of Hasidic Jews nuances, "an enchanted world romantic," says Goodman. It was through the combination of the aspects of modernism, with its "unique artistic language," I was able to capture the attention of critics and collectors in Europe. Overall, it was his childhood living in a provincial Russian city that gave him a continual source of stimuli imaginative. Chagall became one of the many Jews who later became migrs notable artists, people also have once been part of " largest minorities in Russia and creative, "says Goodman.: 13

World War, which ended in 1918, had displaced nearly a million of Jews and destroyed what remained of the provincial shtetl culture that had defined the lives of most Jews in Eastern Europe for centuries. Goodman points out, "left discoloration of the traditional Jewish society artists like Chagall, with powerful memories could no longer be fed by a tangible reality. On the contrary, culture became an emotional and intellectual power that existed only in memory and imagination …. So rich was the experience that keeps you in the rest of his life. ": 15 Sweeney adds that" if you ask to explain his paintings Chagall, he replied: "I do not understand at all. They are not literature. They are only pictorial arrangements of images that obsess me ….": 7

In 1948, after returning to France from the U.S. after the war, saw for himself the destruction that the war had brought to Europe and Jewish populations. Some of his art from then reflect their views and sadness. In 1951, as part of a commemorative book dedicated to eighty-four artists Jews who were murdered by the Nazis in France, wrote a poem entitled "For artists slaughter: 1950, "which inspired works such as" Song of David "(see photo):

I see fire, smoke and gas, rising to the blue cloud, turning black. I pulled her hair, teeth pulled. I am overwhelmed with my palette of rabies. I stand in the desert before piles of shoes, clothes, ashes, manure, and between teeth my Kaddish. And as I standrom my paintings, the painted David down to me, harp in hand. He wants to help me mourn and recite chapters of Psalms. :114-115

Lewis writes that Chagall "remains the most important visual artist have borne witness to the world of Eastern European Jews … and accidentally turned on the testimony public of a civilization which has disappeared. "Although Judaism has religious inhibitions on the pictorial art of many religious themes, Chagall was able to use their fantasy images as a form of visual metaphor combined with popular images. His "Fiddler on the Roof, for example, combines a village folksy setting with a musician as a way to show the love of Jewish music as important to the Jewish spirit.

The art historian Franz Meyer notes that one of the main reasons for the unconventional nature of their work is related to the Hasidic movement that inspired the world of his childhood and youth and in fact had impressed itself in most Eastern European Jews from the eighteenth century. He writes, "For Chagall this is one of the deepest sources, not inspiration, but a spiritual way … Chassidic spirit remains the foundation and the power of his art. "24 In a talk Chagall was in 1963 during his visit to the United States, talked about some of these impressions:

However, Chagall had a complex relationship with Judaism. By First, it attributes its Russian Jewish cultural background is crucial to their artistic imagination. But yet he was ambivalent about his religion, could not avoid based on their Jewish past artwork. As an adult, he was not a practicing Jew, but through his paintings and stained glass, continually tried to suggest one more "universal message" with Jewish and Christian themes.

For nearly two thousand years an energy reserve that has nurtured and supported us, and fills our life, but during the last century has opened a division in this reserve, and its components have begun to disintegrate, God, perspective, color, Bible form, line, traditions, so-called humanists, love, devotion, family, school, education, the prophets and Christ Himself. Have I too, such instead, questioned in my time? I painted pictures upside down, people decapitated and dissected them, scattering pieces in the air, all in the name of another perspective, another type of picture composition and formality other.: 29

Other types of art

Stained Glass

One of the greatest contributions to the art of Chagall has been its stained glass work. This medium also allowed him to express his desire to create an intense and cool colors and had the added benefit of natural light and the interaction of refraction and constantly evolving. Everything, from where he stood to see the weather outside would alter the visual effect. It was not until 1956, when he was nearly 70 years of age, who designed the doors to the church of Assy, his first major project. Then, from 1958-1960, he created windows for the Cathedral of Metz.

Jerusalem Windows (1962)

In 1960, he began creating stained glass windows for the synagogue of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Hadassah Medical Center. Leymarie writes that " to the synagogue iLuminate both spiritually and physically ", it was decided that the twelve windows, representing the twelve tribes of Israel, should be covered with glass colors. Chagall provides the synagogue as "a crown offered to the Jewish queen, and windows as translucent jewels of fire," he writes. Chagall then spent the next two years to the task, and upon completion in 1961 of the windows were exhibited in Paris and later at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Them permanently settled in Jerusalem in February 1962. Each of the windows is about twelve feet high and 8 feet wide ll, much bigger than anything I would have done before. Cogniat them as "his best work in the area of the window." French philosopher Gaston Bachelard, commented that "reads Chagall the Bible and suddenly become the passages of light. "Xii In 1973 Israel launched a 12-set mark with pictures of the windows (see picture).

Windows symbolize the twelve tribes of Israel who were blessed by Jacob and Moses, the concluding verses Genesis and Deuteronomy. In these books, notes Leymarie, "The Moses repeated death ceremony and Jacob, in an order something different, also blesses the twelve tribes of Israel were about to enter the land of Canaan …. In the synagogue, where windows are distributed in the same way, the tribes formed a guard of honor around the tabernacle symbolic. "Xii Leymarie describes the physics and the meaning spiritual windows:

The essence of Windows Jerusalem is in color, in Chagall's magical ability to encourage material and transform it into light. Words not have the power to describe the color of Chagall, spirituality, quality song, its dazzling brightness, its flow becoming more subtle, and its sensitivity to the inflections of the soul and transports of the imagination. It is both hard and foam jewelry, reverberating and piercing, radiating the light of an unknown interior.: Xii

At the ceremony Opening in 1962, Chagall described his feelings about the windows:

Stained glass memorial at the UN

St. Stephen's Church, Mainz Germany

For me a stained glass window is a transparent partition between the heart and the heart of the world. Stained glass has to be serious and passionate. It's something elevation and stimulating. You have to live through the perception of light. To read the Bible is to see some light, and the window have to do this through its apparent simplicity and grace …. The thoughts have nested in me for many years, from the moment my feet walked the Holy Land, when I set out to create engravings of the Bible. They strengthened me and encouraged me to bring my modest gift peoplehat Jewish people who lived here thousands of years ago, among other Semitic peoples. :145-146

United Nations Building (1964)

In 1964 Chagall created a window entitled "Peace," that the United Nations in honor of Dag Hammarskjld, Secretary general of the second United Nations was killed in a plane crash in Africa in 1961. The window is about 15 feet wide and 12 feet high and contains symbols peace and love along with musical symbols. In 1967 he dedicated a window of John D. Rockefeller in the Union Church of Pocantico Hills, New York.

Church St. Stephen in Mainz, Germany (1978)

In 1978 he began to create windows of St. Stephen's Church in Mainz, Germany. Today, 200,000 visitors a year visit the church, and "tourists from around the world pilgrim to the mountain of San Esteban, to see the bright blue stained glass windows the artist Marc Chagall," says the site City website. San Esteban German is the only church that has created the Chagall windows. "

The website also states that "the color direction life of our consciousness directly, because they speak of optimism, hope and joy in life, "says Monsignor Klaus Mayer, who teaches mediation work of Chagall and books. He contacted Chagall in 1973 and managed to persuade the "master of color and the biblical message" to set a tone for the connection Judeo-Christian and international understanding. Mainz centuries before had been "the capital of the European Jews", and contained the largest Jewish community in Europe, says the historian John Man.: 16 In 1978, at the age of 91, Chagall installed the first window and eight more often. View video. Chagall co artist Charles Marq complements the work of Chagall, adding several windows with the colors of Chagall.

All Saints Church, Tudeley, UK (19631978)

Tudeley All Saints is the only church in the world so that all its twelve windows decorated by Chagall. (The other two religious buildings with complete sets of the windows of Chagall Hadassah Medical Center are the synagogue and the Chapel of Le Vaillant, Limousin).

The windows are a memorial tribute to Sarah Tudeley d'Avigdor Goldsmid, who died in 1963 only 21 years old in an accident sailing off Rye. Sarah was the daughter of Sir Henry d'Avigdor Goldsmid and Romero-Lady who commissioned Chagall design the magnificent east window, which was installed in 1967.

Over the next 15 years, designed the rest of Chagall windows, again made in collaboration with Charles Marq Glasswork in his workshop in Reims in northern France.

Murals, theater sets and costumes

Chagall first worked in set design, in 1914 while living in Russia. It was during this period in the Russian theater before static ideas of the stage were, according Cogniat, "being dragged in favor of an entirely arbitrary space with different dimensions, perspectives, colors and rhythms. "66 These changes appealed to Chagall that had been experimenting with Cubism and wanted a way to animate their images. Creating murals and stage designs, Chagall dreams came alive and became a real movement. "

As a result, Chagall played an important role in the artistic life of Russia during that time and "was one of the strongest forces important in the current momentum to the anti-realists "who helped invent the new Russia" astonishing "creations. Many of his designs were done for the Jews The theater in Moscow, which brought in many works of Jewish playwrights such as Gogol and roasted. Chagall set designs helped create an illusory atmosphere became the essence of theater.

After leaving Russia, twenty years passed before he again offered an opportunity to design sets theater. In the years between his painting still included harlequins, clowns and acrobats, who Cogniat notes "to transmit their sentimental attachment and nostalgia for the theater. "His first assignment sets the design after Russia went to the ballet" Aleko "in 1942, while living in the United States. In 1945 He was commissioned to design the sets and costumes for "The Firebird by Stravinsky." These designs have contributed greatly to enhance its reputation in the United States as a leading artist.

Cogniat describes how Chagall's designs "will immerse the viewer in a luminous, colored fairy land where shapes are defined and spaces mistily seem animated vortices, or explosion. "His technique of using color in this way reached stage its peak when Chagall returned to Paris and designed the sets for "Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe" in 1958.

In 1964 to paint the ceiling Paris Opera House with 2,400 square feet of canvas, and in 1966 he painted two monumental murals for the exterior of the Metropolitan Opera in New York. The pieces were entitled "Sources of Music" and "The Triumph of Music", which he completed in France and shipped to New York.

Hangings

Ceramic plate entitled "Moses"

Chagall also designed tapestries were woven under the direction of Yvette Cauquil-Prince, who also collaborated Picasso. These rugs are much rarer than his paintings, with only 40 of them reach the commercial market. Chagall designed three tapestries for the situation room Knesset in Israel, along with 12 other tiles on the floor and a wall mosaic.

Pottery and Sculpture

Chagall began to learn about ceramics and sculpture, while living in southern France. Ceramics became a fad in the Costa Azul with various start-up workshops in Antibes and Vallauris Vence. Took classes along with other known artists like Picasso and Fernand lger. At first, Chagall painted the existing pieces of pottery, but soon expanded to the design of his, he began his work as a sculptor as a compliment to his painting.

After experimenting with pottery and dishes are transported in large ceramic murals. Without But he was never satisfied with the limits imposed by the segments of square tiles Cogniat notes "that imposed a discipline that prevented the creation a visual image. ": 76

Later life and death

Author Serena Davies writes that "At the time of his death in France in 1985, the last surviving master of European modernism, Joan Mir survived for two years he had experienced firsthand the high hopes and crushing disappointments of the Russian Revolution, and had witnessed the end of the zone, the near annihilation of European Jewry, and the obliteration of Vitebsk, his hometown, where only 118 of a population of 240,000 survived the Second World War. "

He came from nowhere to win a great reputation worldwide. However, his broken relationship with their Jewish identity was "tragic and unresolved," says Davies. He would have died without the Jewish rites, there was an unknown Jew came forward and said the Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead, over his coffin. "

Legacy and influence

Chagall Art Center in Vitebsk, Belarus

Chagall Chagall biographer Jackie Wullschlager calls a "pioneer of modern art and one of its greatest figurative painters … [that] invented a visual language that will produce the emotion and terror of the twentieth century. "He adds:

In his paintings you read the triumph of modernity, progress in the art to an expression of inner life that. . . is one of the last century legacies of the signal. At the same time, C. .. About the Author

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